Jun 17, 2024  
2018-2019 Catalog 
    
2018-2019 Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


 

Music

  
  • MUS 234 - Music of the Southern Appalachians


    Instructor
    Lawing

    An exploration of the vocal and instrumental traditions of the Southern Appalachians, with emphasis upon traditions of Madison County, Wilkes County, and Surry County, NC. Focus will be upon unaccompanied ballads and tunes for fiddle and banjo. Activities will include performance, field recording, historical research and festival attendance.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    No music training required. (Spring)

  
  • MUS 235 - Record Production and Recording Industries


    Weinstein


    This course will explore critical issues in the history and practice of music recording, focusing especially on how music recording has participated in the discourses of modernism and late capitalism.  The course considers the technologies and agents that have shaped its history and its aesthetics, the social and economic systems that impact its creative forms, and theoretical approaches to recorded sound itself. 

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    No music training required. (Not offered in 2016-17.)

  
  • MUS 236 - Social Dance and The Orchestra


    Instructor
    Keith

    This course introduces students to orchestral dance music, specifically music that was used for or appropriated from social functions. Types of dances will include those of Western Europe, Latin America, and the United States.  The course will explore the function and reception of these dance stylizations.  

    Satisfies a major requirement in Music

    Satisfies a minor requirement in Music

    Satisfies the Visual & Performing Arts requirement

  
  • MUS 241 - Music of Latin America (=MUS 341)


    Instructor
    Botelho

    (Cross-listed with MUS 341.)  An introduction to the music of Hispanic and Luso American countries and cultures from colonial times to the present.  Topics include: sacred and secular colonial music, son, marimba music, vieja guardia music, tonada, milonga, tango, Latin jazz, samba, and bossa nova.

    Satisfies a requirement in the Africana Studies major (Geographic Region: Latin America/Caribbean).
    Satisfies a requirement in the Latin American Studies major and interdiscipilnary minor.
    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement. 
    Satisfies the cultural diversity requirement.  

    Prerequisites & Notes
    No music training required. Music majors should register for MUS 341.
    (Fall; normally offered in alternate years.)

  
  • MUS 242 - Music of Asia


    Instructor
    Stasack

    Indigenous classical and folk music of China, Japan, Korea, and India. Includes vocal and instrumental music, as well as prominent dance and theatre forms. Considers aspects of musical systems, aesthetics, and performance practice. Emphasis on historical traditions.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.  Satisfies the cultural diversity requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    No music training required. Normally offered in alternate years; not offered in 2016-17. 

  
  • MUS 245 - Music in World Religions


    Instructor
    Stasack

    Cross-cultural study of musical styles, roles, and performance practices in religious belief systems and sacred rituals around the world. Thematic issues include: explicit and implicit relationships between musical substance and ideology; music as a tool for expressing, preserving, and empowering sacred texts; music as a means of structuring ritual; and the power of music to transform experience.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.  Satisfies the cultural diversity requirement.  

    Prerequisites & Notes
    No music training required. Normally offered in alternate years; not offered in 2016-17.

  
  • MUS 246 - Music of Brazil (=MUS 346)


    Instructor
    Botelho

    (Cross-listed with MUS 346.)  A survey of cultivated and vernacular traditions of Brazilian music from colonial times to the present. Topics include: sacred and secular colonial music, the barroco mineiro, nationalism, the avant-garde, samba, bossa nova, MPB, candomblé, jazz, tropical rock, and rap.

    Satisfies a requirement in the Africana Studies major (Geographic Region: Latin America/Caribbean).
    Satisfies a requirement in the Latin American Studies major and minor.
    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement. 
    Satisfies the cultural diversity requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    No music training required.  Music majors should register for MUS 346
    (Fall; normally offered in alternate years.)

  
  • MUS 255 - Applied Music: Intermediate


    Instructor
    Staff

    Registration takes place on the music web page during course preferences registration or regular drop/add for Fall semester.

    Applied instruction designed for students with previous vocal or instrumental training. Must successfully complete jury at the end of each semester of study. See instructor for competency levels and literature requirements.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Music 155 or permission of instructor.  One credit for two consecutive semesters. Can be repeated for credit. Additional fee $840.

  
  • MUS 261 - Introduction to Composition


    Instructor
    Stasack

    A course exploring the sounds and architectures of contemporary musical styles, while cultivating individual projects in composition, with opportunities for performance of works in recital.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Music 101 or permission of instructor. (Normally offered in alternate years; not offered in 2016-17.)

  
  • MUS 262 - Songwriting and Transcription


    Instructor
    Stasack

    Composition in popular song form and transcription techniques using current lead sheet format. Emphasis on developing aural perception and notational skills. 

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    MUS 101 or permission of instructor required. (Fall; normally offered in alternate years.)

  
  • MUS 263 - Composition - Non-Western Styles


    Instructor
    Stasack

    Study and implementation of compositional techniques employed in musical systems of non-European cultures. Students focus on a particular area.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.  Satisfies the cultural diversity requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    MUS 101 or permission of instructor required. (Normally offered in alternate years; not offered in 2016-17)

  
  • MUS 265 - Introduction to Digital Music Composition


    Instructor
    Stasack

    An approach to music composition using the platform of digital technology. Students will learn to implement contemporary compositional processes through the use of digital tools. Of particular emphasis is exploring the world of sound and its organization into meaningful and aesthetically coherent forms without the technical limitations of acoustic execution. Each student will create a final piece that will be realized in a group concert at the end of the semester.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    MUS 101or MUS 102 or MUS 201. (Spring)

  
  • MUS 271 - Modernism/Postmodernism


    Instructor
    Lerner

    A study of modern and postmodern music, combining close listening (e.g. Schoenberg, Cage, Reich) with critical responses to its aesthetic and ideological contexts (e.g. Adorno, Jameson, McClary). Representative genres include: symphony, string quartet, opera, film score, performance art.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    First-year students require permission of the instructor. (Not offered in 2016-17.)

  
  • MUS 295 - Independent Study


    Instructor
    Staff

    Independent study in music under the direction of a faculty member who reviews and approves the topic, and determines the means of evaluation.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Open to qualified students with permission of the chair.

  
  • MUS 301 - Advanced Harmony


    Instructor
    Botelho

    Contrapuntal techniques within a diatonic framework, including sequences, melodic and rhythmic figuration; modal mixture, applied chords, modulation, and the Neapolitan- and augmented-sixth chords. Ear training includes one- and two-part exercises.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    MUS 201. (Normally offered in alternate years; not offered in 2016-17.)

  
  • MUS 302 - Form and Analysis


    Instructor
    Botelho

    Analytical techniques and formal processes of tonal music, including expressive styles and topics, binary and ternary forms, variation, fugue, and sonata form.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Music 201. (Normally offered in alternate years.)

  
  • MUS 311 - Music Technology & Production


    Instructor
    B. Lawing

    An introduction to digital sound design and music production. The class consists of several independent projects that examine various hardware and software instruments and processors, and apply them to various audio productions.

    Does NOT satisfy a requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    MUS 101, 201, or 261
    (Fall)

  
  • MUS 312 - Conducting


    Instructor
    Keith

    Designed for students who plan to pursue both choral and instrumental conducting.  Emphasis on technique, rehearsal procedure, literature, and stylistic practices.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    MUS 101 or permission of instructor. (Spring; normally offered in alternate years.)

  
  • MUS 321 - Impressionism


    Instructor
    Keith

    A survey of Impressionist music at the turn of the twentieth century, with focus on French composers and those they influenced.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    MUS 101 or permission of instructor. (Normally offered in alternate years.)

  
  • MUS 325 - Music History I: Europe to 1800


    Instructor
    Lerner

    The history of music in medieval and early modern Europe in its cultural and social context, emphasizing musical style, notation, and performance practice. Periods include Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical through Beethoven’s first stylistic period.

    Satisfies the Historical Thought requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Not offered in 2016-17.)

  
  • MUS 328 - Music History II: Europe and The U.S. After 1800


    Instructor
    Lerner

    The history of music in modern Europe and the United States in its cultural and social context, emphasizing musical style, notation, and performance practice. Periods include Romantic, Post-Romantic, Modern, and Postmodern.

    Satisfies the Historical Thought requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Not offered in 2016-17.)

  
  • MUS 341 - Music of Latin America (=MUS 241)


    Instructor
    Botelho

    (Cross-listed with MUS 241.)  An introduction to the music of Hispanic and Luso American countries and cultures from colonial times to the present.  Topics include: sacred and secular colonial music, son, marimba music, vieja guardia music, tonada, milonga, tango, Latin jazz, samba, and bossa nova.

    Satisfies a requirement in the Africana Studies major (Geographic Region: Latin America/Caribbean).
    Satisfies a requirement in the Latin American Studies major and minor.
    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement. 
    Satisfies the cultural diversity requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    For Music Majors only.  All other students should register for MUS 241.
    (Fall; normally offered in alternate years.)

  
  • MUS 346 - Music of Brazil (=MUS 246)


    Instructor
    Botelho

    (Cross-listed with MUS 246.)  A survey of cultivated and vernacular traditions of Brazilian music from colonial times to the present. Topics include: sacred and secular colonial music, the barroco mineiro, nationalism, the avant-garde, samba, bossa nova, MPB, candomblé, jazz, tropical rock, and rap.

    Satisfies a requirement in the Africana Studies major (Geographic Region: Latin America/Caribbean).
    Satisfies a requirement in the Latin American Studies major and minor.
    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.
    Satisfies the Cultural Diversity requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    For Music Majors only.  All other students should register as MUS 246.
    (Fall; normally offered in alternate years.)

  
  • MUS 356 - Applied Music: Advanced Intermediate


    Instructor
    Staff

    Registration takes place on the music web page during course preferences registration or drop/add for Fall semester.

    Applied instruction designed for students with previous vocal or instrumental training.  Must successfully complete jury at end of each semester of study.  See instructor for competency levels and literature requirements.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Music 255 or permission of instructor.  1 credit for 2 consecutive semesters.  Can be repeated for credit.  Additional fee $840.

  
  • MUS 357 - Applied Music: Advanced


    Instructor
    Staff 

    Registration takes place on the music web page during course preferences registration or drop/add for Fall semester.

    Applied instruction designed for students with previous vocal or instrumental training. Must successfully complete jury at end of each semester of study. See instructor for competency levels and literature requirements.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    MUS 356 or permission of instructor. 1 credit for 2 consecutive semesters. Can be repeated for credit. Additional fee $840.

  
  • MUS 361 - Advanced Studies in Composition


    Instructor
    Stasack

    Continued development of creative and technical skills in music composition. Emphasis on exploring the unique sensibilities of the individual.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    MUS 261, 262, 263, or 265. (Fall; normally offered in alternate years.)

  
  • MUS 380 - Advanced Topics in Music History


    Instructor
    Lerner

    Specialized study of a composer, period, or genre, utilizing a variety of specialized notational, analytical, and theoretical methodologies.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Permission of the instructor required.

  
  • MUS 381 - Advanced Topics in Music History


    Instructor
    Lerner

    Specialized study of a composer, period, or genre, utilizing a variety of specialized notational, analytical, and theoretical methodologies.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Permission of the instructor required. 

  
  • MUS 382 - Advanced Topics in Music History


    Instructor
    Lerner

    Specialized study of a composer, period, or genre, utilizing a variety of specialized notational, analytical, and theoretical methodologies.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Permission of the instructor required. 

  
  • MUS 383 - Herrmann & Hitchcock


    Instructor
    Lerner

    A seminar concentrating on the nine film scores stemming from the remarkable collaboration of composer Bernard Herrmann and filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock. After an introductory section on each, the seminar will then proceed chronologically through their nine films. Particular emphasis will be placed on the ways that Herrmann’s music blended together with Hitchcock’s aesthetic vision to impact and complicate notions of gender identities.

    Satisfies the Visual and Performing Arts requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Permission of the instructor required. Normally students will have had at least one prior semester of college-level music or related study. (Not offered in 2016-17.)

  
  • MUS 385 - Video Game Music (=FMS 385)


    Instructor
    Lerner

    Historical, stylistic, and analytic study of video game music from its origins in the arcade games of the 1970s to the present. Emphases on close readings of music in relation to gameplay, and vice versa. Includes training in digital audio manipulation to create sound design and musical sequences.

    Satisfies the Liberal Studies requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Normally offered in alternate years; not offered in 2016-17.

  
  • MUS 395 - Independent Study


    Instructor
    Staff

    Independent study in music under the direction of a faculty member who reviews and approves the topic, and determines the means of evaluation.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Open to qualified students with permission of the chair.

  
  • MUS 396 - Independent Study


    Instructor
    Staff

    Independent study in music under the direction of a faculty member who reviews and approves the topic, and determines the means of evaluation.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Open to qualified students with permission of the chair.

  
  • MUS 401 - Senior Seminar


    Instructor
    Staff
     

    A capstone seminar synthesizing historical inquiry, analytical methods, and performance practice along with techniques of music research, writing, and close listening. Topics chosen by the course instructor.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Limited to senior music majors; open to other qualified students by permission of the instructor. (Fall)


Philosophy

  
  • PHI 102 - Reason and Argument


    Instructor 
    McKeever

    Introduction to reasoning with a focus on the nature and evaluation of arguments, the identification of fallacies, and the rules of rational discourse.

    Satisfies the philosophy major requirement of either PHI 102 or PHI 200.

    Satisfies the Liberal Studies requirement.

    Counts as an elective in the Public Communication/Rhetoric Track of the Communication Studies interdisciplinary minor.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Spring)

  
  • PHI 105 - Ancient Greek Philosophy


    Instructor
    Studtmann

    Introduction to the origins and development of philosophy in ancient Greece, with special emphasis on Plato and Aristotle. 

    Counts towards the satisfaction of the Philosophy major requirement to take two courses from among PHI 105, PHI 106, and PHI 107.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.


    Counts as a Western Europe area course in the International Studies Interdisciplinary Minor.
    Counts towards the major in Classics.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall)

  
  • PHI 106 - Early Modern European Philosophy


    Instructor
    Robb

    This course is an introduction to Western philosophy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This period (or some part of it) is sometimes called The Enlightenment or The Age of Reason, but philosophers usually just call it the early modern period, as it marks the beginning of modern philosophy. We will take a selective look at this period through the work of five philosophers: Descartes, Leibniz, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant.  In addition to being an introduction to the early modern period, the course is also an introduction to philosophy. Our readings and discussions will be organized around four of philosophy’s most important questions:

    1. Does God exist?
    2. Can we know anything?
    3. Do we have free will?
    4. Is morality objective?

    As we discuss these questions, the basic skills and values of philosophy will take center stage. These include: thinking and writing clearly; critically examining views, not simply accepting them on faith or because they sound deep; and thinking creatively and rigorously about difficult, abstract problems.

    Counts towards the Philosophy major and minor requirement to take two courses in the history of philosophy from among PHI 105, PHI 106, and PHI 107.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
    Counts as a Western Europe area course in the International Studies Interdisciplinary Minor.

  
  • PHI 107 - Medieval Philosophy


    Instructor
    Griffith

    Introduction to philosophers of the medieval period. We will study thinkers of the Christian, Islamic, and Jewish traditions, spanning from the fourth century C.E. up to the fourteenth century. Philosophers discussed may include: Augustine, Boethius, Anselm, Peter Abelard, Avicenna, Algazali, Averroes, Saadia, Maimonides, Aquinas, and John Duns Scotus.

    Counts towards the satisfaction of the Philosophy major and minor requirement to take two courses in the history of philosophy from among PHI 105, PHI 106, and PHI 107.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
     

  
  • PHI 110 - Problems of Philosophy


    Instructor
    Jankovic, Layman, McKeever

    Introduction to philosophy through a survey of selected philosophical problems. Topics vary, and have included questions such as: Does God exist? Do we have free will? Can we know anything? Is truth relative? Is morality objective?

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall and Spring)

  
  • PHI 120 - Applied Ethics


    Instructor
    Layman

    Introduction to the philosophical analysis of contemporary moral controversies. Topics vary, and have included abortion, euthanasia, feminism, world hunger, business ethics, nuclear war, and human rights.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
    Satisfies the Justice, Equality, and Community requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall)

  
  • PHI 130 - Medical Ethics


    Instructor
    Lawless

    In this course, we will examine some of the moral challenges that arise in the relationship between medical practitioners and patients; the moral assumptions that underlie our conceptions of health, disease, and disability; and the moral principles that should structure our research practices.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
    Counts as a core course in the Health and Human Values interdisciplinary minor.
    Counts as an elective in the Neuroscience interdisciplinary minor.

  
  • PHI 135 - Business Ethics


    Instructor
    Lawless

    Business occupies a central place within American public culture. Both those who own and those who run private firms enjoy significant power, prestige, and moral responsibility. In this course, we will bring the tools of moral philosophy to bear on the relationships between the firm and its investors, its customers, its employees, and the community at large. What rights does the firm have in these relationships? What are the firm’s obligations?  Working with classic and cutting-edge texts in business ethics, we will explore moral questions that confront business owners and managers in our current social and political context. How should the firm respond to the kinds of inequality that pervade American society? Does the firm owe its employees “meaningful work”? What is the purpose of modern advertising? What responsibility does the firm have for its environmental impact? What moral concerns arise as private firms become more involved in higher education, in journalism, or in the penal system?

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
    Satisfies the Justice, Equality, and Community requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    There are no prerequisites, though students may benefit from prior experience with moral philosophy.

  
  • PHI 140 - Environmental Ethics


    Instructor
    McKeever

    Introduction to ethical analysis of environmental values and decision-making. Likely topics include (1) the value of different aspects of the environment including non-human animals, species, non-living natural objects, and ecosystems; (2) ethical analysis of different approaches to risk as this bears on environmental policy-making; (3) the moral merits and liabilities of ethical institutions, such as private property rights, as applied to the natural environment.
     

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.

    Satisfies depth and breadth course requirement in the Humanities track of the Environmental Studies major or interdisciplinary minor.

  
  • PHI 150 - Eastern and Western Conceptions of the Self


    Instructor
    Robb

    In this course we compare and evaluate conceptions of the self in Eastern and Western philosophical traditions. Questions include: Does the self exist? If so, what sort of thing is it? Could I survive the death of my body? Do I extend beyond the boundaries of a particular mind or body? In what sense, if any, is the self a social construct? Readings come from a variety of sources: contemporary and classical, Eastern and Western.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.

    Satisfies the cultural diversity requirement.

  
  • PHI 160 - Great Philosophers


    Instructor
    Studtmann

    Introduction to philosophy through intensive study of the work of one philosopher. The philosopher selected varies.
    Spring 2019: Hume

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    This course can be repeated for credit given sufficiently distinct topics: check with the department chair. (Spring)

  
  • PHI 170 - God (= REL 246)


    Instructor
    Studtmann/Ottati

    This course focuses on what is said about God in Christian tradition and in philosophy.  It explores representations, symbols, inklings of the divine in biblical and religious texts, developed conceptions of God put forward by philosophers and theologians, and traditional arguments about God , as well as contemporary statements and debates.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and religious Perspectives requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Not offered 2016-17.)

  
  • PHI 180 - Philosophy of Sport


    Instructor
    McKeever

    This introductory course will address a range of philosophical questions about sport.  Some of these questions will concern the nature of sport itself.  What is sport? How are sports similar to but distinguished from games or mere exercise? How do the rules of a sport govern play? Is a basketball player who strategically fouls an opponent playing within the rules or outside them?  Some of these questions will be ethical.  Why is cheating wrong? What is valuable about competition and sportsmanship? Should doping be permitted? Are college athletes being exploited? Some questions will concern the place of sport in society. Does sport enhance or detract from education? Do we place too high a value on sport? In what sense, if any, is it appropriate to treat athletes as role models? The course is specifically designed for students without prior exposure to philosophy and a significant goal of the course is that students develop a range of philosophical skills.  Accordingly, we will emphasize an ability to understand and appreciate a diverse range of answers to difficult questions and practice assessing various views through careful argument and analysis.

    Satisfies a major requirement in Philosophy.
    Satisifes a minor requirement in Philosophy.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.

  
  • PHI 200 - Symbolic Logic


    Instructor
    Studtmann

    Systematic study of formal reasoning. Focus on the representation and evaluation of arguments in propositional and predicate logic. Additional topics vary, and may include meta-logic, modal logic, and non-classical logics. 

    Satisfires the Philosophy major requirement to take one course on reasoning (either PHI 102 or PHI 200).

    Satisfies the Mathematical and Quantitative Thought requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall)

  
  • PHI 210 - Games and Decisions


    Instructor
    McKeever

    Introduction to the formal analysis of games and rational decision-making. Decision under risk, ignorance, and certainty as applied in morals, politics, and religion.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.

    Satisfies the Social-Scientific Thought requirement.

    Counts as an elective in the Social Science Track of the Applied Mathematics interdisciplinary minor.

  
  • PHI 211 - Theory of Knowledge


    Instructor
    Jankovic

    The central questions of epistemology are: What is knowledge? Do we have any? If so, how did we get it? This course accordingly looks at the nature, scope, and sources of knowledge.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Spring)

  
  • PHI 212 - Metaphysics


    Instructor
    Griffith

    Philosophical study of the most fundamental features of the world and our place in it. Topics vary, and have included abstract and concrete entities, God, causation, space and time, necessity, freedom and determinism, the identity of objects and persons over time.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Spring)

  
  • PHI 213 - Philosophy of Science


    Instructor
    Robb

    This course is about the nature of science, with a focus on Thomas Kuhn’s pioneering and widely influential text, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.  Topics include the difference between science and pseudo-science, the rationality of scientific change, the aim of science, the role of values in science, and the objectivity of scientific facts.
     

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor. 
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Spring)

  
  • PHI 215 - Ethics


    Instructor
    Layman

    Introduction to the philosophical evaluation of ethical decision-making and moral life. Discussion of such questions as: What grounds the difference between right and wrong action? How is happiness related to morality? Do moral questions admit of objective answers, and if so how can moral disagreements be resolved? What is the virtue of justice? Does morality require (or benefit from) a religious foundation?  A variety of philosophical approaches will be considered with a view to which best helps us understand this vital dimension of human life.

    Satisfies a requirement in the Philosophy major.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
    Satisfies the Justice, Equality, and Community requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Spring)

  
  • PHI 216 - Philosophy of Language


    Instructor
    Jankovic

    Discussion of theories of communication, linguistic meaning, and truth. Other topics vary, and have included metaphor, naming and describing, reference, vagueness, and universals. 

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall)

  
  • PHI 217 - Philosophy of Mind


    Instructor
    Robb

    This course is an introduction to philosophical questions about the mind. We will begin with the traditional mind-body problem: What is the mind? Is it an immaterial thing (a “soul”), or can it be reduced to something physical, such as the brain? How can mind and body causally interact? How can we know about the minds of others? Asking these questions will lead us to more specific topics, including mental representation, consciousness, and rationality.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
    Counts as an elective in the Neuroscience interdisciplinary minor.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall)

  
  • PHI 219 - Freedom & Responsibility


    Instructor
    Griffith

    The problem of free will is often cited as one of philosophy’s most difficult problems to resolve. As human beings, it seems that we are subject to laws of nature and to chains of cause and effect. But as personal agents, we feel strongly that we are autonomous beings whose choices and actions are not dictated by external factors. On the other hand, perhaps without external factors, our choices and actions would be random or chancy. Is that really the kind of autonomy we want or think we have? Free will is closely connected to moral responsibility. It seems that we need to have free will in order to be morally responsible for our choices and actions. Can we be responsible for predetermined actions? What about for undetermined ones? In this course we will discuss various philosophical approaches to these issues. Questions addressed may include: how should free will be characterized? Can we be morally responsible for our actions? What does it mean to be morally responsible? Does science give us reason to doubt free will or responsibility? If we don’t have free will and are not morally responsible, can we still have meaningful lives?
     

    Satisfies a major requirement in Philosophy.
    Satisfies a minor requirement in Philosophy.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.

  
  • PHI 220 - Political Philosophy


    Instructor
    Layman

    Introduction to the philosophical evaluation of political power and the social and economic institutions through which it is exercised. Discussion of such questions as: What justification is there for government? What moral duties do citizens have? Are there moral limits to government authority? Analysis of such concepts as freedom, rights, justice, and equality.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
    Satisfies the Justice, Equality, and Community requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall)


     

  
  • PHI 221 - African American Political Philosophy


    Instructor
    Lawless

    In 1903, W.E.B. Du Bois predicted that the problem of the twentieth century would be “the problem of the color-line.”  We can find evidence that Du Bois was right in all sorts of places: in representations of black Americans on television and in film, in the war on drugs, in relations between black Americans and the politics, and in segregated cities across the country.  The “problem of the color-line” is not a single problem, but a collection of many diverse problems that the American institution of race regenerates through the decades.

    In this course, we will bring philosophical tools to bear on these problems, drawing primarily on works by American philosophers of color.  First, we will investigate the kinds of injustice familiar in the racial polity.  Second, we will explore the ways in which people of color have cultivated their own agency, often in active resistance to the oppressive systems in which they find themselves.  Our main guides in these investigations will include Patricia Hill Collins, W.E.B. Du Bois, bell hooks, Charles Mills, and Tommie Shelby.  This course has no prerequisites, though students may benefit from prior experience with Political philosophy.

    Satisfies a requirement in the Philosophy major and minor.
    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
    Satisfies the Justice, Equality, and Community requirement.
     

  
  • PHI 222 - Philosophy of Law


    Instructor
    McKeever

    Analysis of the nature and function of law. Various theories of law, relation of law to morality, economic analysis of law. An assessment of the principles of legal reasoning and jurisprudence, emphasis on discussion of decided cases.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.
    Satisfies the Social-Scientific Thought requirement.
     

  
  • PHI 225 - Philosophy of Religion


    Instructor
    Griffith

    Introduction to philosophical issues in classical and contemporary religious thought. Topics vary, and have included the justification of religious claims, the relation of faith to knowledge, arguments for the existence of God, divine attributes, life after death, the problem of evil, the status of religious language, the relation of religion to morality, and alternatives to theism.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Spring)

  
  • PHI 235 - Existentialism


    Instructor
    Griffith

    Analysis of the existential conditions of human life, such as death, the fragility and finiteness of life, freedom, commitment, the need for God, and the quest for meaning, worth, and dignity. Readings are from both philosophy and literature.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.

    Satisfies the Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall)

  
  • PHI 240 - Anarchism and the State


    Instructor
    Studtmann

    What justifies the State?  Would societies be better off without it?  What would a society without a State look like?  If the State is inevitable, what would a just state look like?  These questions have been at the heart of a great deal of political theorizing in the twentieth century.  In this course, we will examine these questions by reading the work of several prominent philosophers.

    Satisfies the Philosophy major seminar requirement.
    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy minor.

  
  • PHI 250 - Buddhism as Philosophy


    Instructor
    Robb

    Buddhism is one of the world’s major religions, but it is at the same time a philosophical system, one that has something to say about many of philosophy’s central problems. These include questions about the existence and nature of the self, the fundamental structure of reality, the possibility of knowledge, and the moral life. In this course, we examine the Buddhist philosophical system, noting where there is debate within the Buddhist tradition, and at times pausing to compare Buddhist views with Western counterparts. Readings come from a variety of sources: contemporary and classical, Eastern and Western.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor. 
    Satisfies an interdisciplinary minor requirement in South Asian Studies.
    Satisfies Philosophical and Religious Perspectives requirement.
    Satisfies the cultural diversity requirement.

  
  • PHI 350 - Seminar in Philosophy


    Satisfies the Philosophy major seminar requirement.
    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy minor.

    Spring 2019 - Reasons in a World of Causes
    Instructor: Robb

    We often act for reasons. A student walks to the Commons because lunch is there. A politician gives a speech in order to win voters. Galileo looks through his telescope as a way to learn about the cosmos. But it has proven remarkably difficult to fit such commonsense facts about human behavior into the world presented to us by the natural sciences. There are three main sources of the problem. (1) Mechanism: It seems increasingly likely that neuroscience will eventually provide an entirely mechanistic explanation for everything we do. But then what work is left for reasons in the explanation of behavior? (2) Externalism: Reasons for action are external to us, yet it seems that all causation is “local”: anything that causes us to act must be internal to our brains and bodies. (3) Normativity: When we act for reasons, we do so because that’s the good or rational thing to do, at least by our own lights. But there seems to be no place to fit such normativity into the natural world. After grappling with these three problems, we turn to Fred Dretske’s book, Explaining Behavior (MIT Press, 1988). This is our core text for the course. We will look in detail at Dretske’s theory of action and how he proposes to find reasons in a world of causes.

    Fall 2018 - Anarchism & the State
    Instructor: Studtmann

    What justifies the State?  Would societies be better off without it?  What would a society without a State look like?  If the State is inevitable, what would a just state look like?  These questions have been at the heart of a great deal of political theorizing in the twentieth century.  In this course, we will examine these questions by reading the work of several prominent philosophers.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    This course can be repeated for credit given sufficiently distinct topics: check with the department chair. (Fall, Spring)

  
  • PHI 365 - Philosophy of Mathematics


    Instructor
    Studtmann

    Analysis of the philosophical foundations of mathematics. Topics vary, and have included the nature of mathematical truth, pure versus applied mathematics, the reality of mathematical entities, infinity, paradoxes, axiomatic systems, formal number theory, Godel’s Theorem.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall)

  
  • PHI 399 - Independent Research in Philosophy


    Instructor
    Staff

    Independent research under the direction of a faculty member who approves the topic(s) and determines the means of evaluation. Permission of the instructor and the department chair is required.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major and minor

    Prerequisites & Notes
    This course can be repeated for credit given sufficiently distinct topics: check with the department chair. (Fall and Spring)

  
  • PHI 451 - Senior Colloquium in Philosophy


    Instructor
    Layman

    Capstone course required of all senior Philosophy majors. The seminar is organized around the work of four or five philosophers who visit the campus during the semester to discuss their work with students. Topics vary.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Spring)

  
  • PHI 495 - Senior Thesis


    Instructor
    Staff

    Open only to Philosophy majors. Includes the writing of a thesis under the supervision of a faculty member. Majors pursuing Honors must defend the thesis before the Philosophy faculty.

    Counts as an elective for the Philosophy major.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Enrollment requires departmental approval: interested majors should contact the department chair in the Fall semester. (Spring)


Physics

  
  • PHY 103 - Physics of the Environment


    Instructor
    Cain

    A study of the physical laws and processes that underlie environmental phenomena with a special focus on energy. Technical, economic and social consequences of these laws and processes will be examined to better delineate the complex decisions related to environmental issues.  No laboratory. 

    Satisfies the Liberal Studies requirement.
    Satisfies depth or breadth course requirement in Natural Science Track of the Environmental Studies major or interdisciplinary minor.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Designed for non-science majors. (Not offered 2016-2017.)

  
  • PHY 104 - Physics of the Environment with Lab


    Instructor
    Cain

    A study of the physical laws and processes that underlie environmental phenomena with a special focus on energy.  Technical, economic and social consequences of these laws and processes will be examined to better delineate the complex decisions related to environmental issues. One laboratory period each week.

    Satisfies depth and breadth course requirement in Natural Science Track of the Environmental Studies major or interdisciplinary minor.
    Satisfies the 100-level laboratory requirement in the Experimental Physics minor.
    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Designed for non-science majors. Not open to students with credit in PHY 103.

  
  • PHY 106 - Introductory Astronomy with Lab


    Instructor
    Thompson

    A survey of the current scientific view of the Universe. Emphasis on the physical and mathematical principles necessary to understand how astronomers observe and interpret phenomena. Topics include the historical development of major astronomical theories, the interaction of light and matter, the life cycle of stars, and the structure and evolution of the Universe. One laboratory period per week which will include daytime laboratories and evening observing and astrophotography sessions.

    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Not open to students with credit in PHY 105. (Fall)

  
  • PHY 110 - The Physics Around You


    Instructor
    Cain

    A descriptive course, intended primarily for non-science majors, concerning the laws of mechanics, heat, electricity, light, magnetism, the atom, and the nucleus as applied to the devices and technology used and the natural occurrences observed in everyday experience.  No laboratory. 

    Satisfies the Liberal Studies requirement.
     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Designed for non-science majors. Not open to students with credit for Physics 120, 220, 130 or 230. (Not offered 2016-2017.)

  
  • PHY 116 - Sights and Sounds


    Instructor
    Boye

    Scientific principles applied to the production, propagation, storage, detection and perception of sound and light. Applications will focus on current practices in live performance as well as high definition audio and image recording and production. This course is designed for students with an interest in music and the visual arts. One laboratory period per week.

    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Designed for non-science majors.

  
  • PHY 118 - Advanced Placement Credit: Mechanics


    Course credit for appropriate scores on the AP Physics B exam or the AP Physics C (Mechanics) exam. The course does not satisfy the lab science distribution requirement unless significant evidence of laboratory work (in the form of a laboratory notebook or reports) is presented to the Physics Department chair. 

    AP credit for Physics 118 does not satisfy the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Only with specific permission of the chair may the course serve as prerequisite to other courses in Physics. Credit for Physics 118 is forfeited by a student who elects to take Physics 120 or 130. (Not offered 2016-2017.)

  
  • PHY 119 - Advanced Placement Credit: Electricity and Magnetism


    Course credit for appropriate scores on the AP Physics C (Electricity and Magnetism) exam. The course does not satisfy the lab science distribution requirement unless significant evidence of laboratory work (in the form of a laboratory notebook or reports) is presented to the Physics Department chair.

    AP credit for Physics 119 does not satisfy the Natural Science requirement. 

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Only with specific permission of the chair may the course serve as prerequisite to other courses in Physics. Credit for Physics 119 is forfeited by a student who elects to take Physics 220 or 230. (Not offered 2016-2017.)

  
  • PHY 120 - General Physics


    Instructors
    Belloni, Boye, Yukich. Eberly

    Mechanics, rotational motion, fluids, waves, sound, and thermodynamics. One laboratory each week.

    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Fall)

  
  • PHY 125 - Calculus-based Introductory Physics: Integrated Laboratory and Lecture


    Instructors
    Belloni, A. Kuchera

    Mechanics, rotational motion, fluids, waves, sound, and thermodynamics. Course designed for students who intend to major in chemistry, mathematics, physics, and/or students planning to pursue a degree in engineering or medicine.  Class meets 6 hours a week (2-hour block, three times a week) in a combined lecture/laboratory setting with time distributed equally between course material and laboratory exercises (3 hours lecture/3 hours laboratory).

    Satisfies a requirement in the Applied Mathematics interdisciplinary minor.
    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Corequisite: MAT 111 or MAT 112

  
  • PHY 130 - General Physics with Calculus


    Instructors 
    Belloni, Cain, M. Kuchera, Thompson

    Mechanics, rotational motion, fluids, waves, sound, and thermodynamics. More comprehensive than Physics 120 and designed for students who intend to major in chemistry, mathematics, physics, and/or plan to pursue a degree in engineering.  One laboratory each week.


    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Corequisite: Math 111 or 112. (Fall/Spring)

  
  • PHY 200 - Computational Physics (= CSC 200)


    Instructor
    M. Kuchera

    (Cross-listed as CSC 200) This course is an introduction to computer programming and computational physics using Python. No prior programming experience is necessary. This course will provide students with the skills required to write code to solve physics problems in areas including quantum physics, electromagnetism, and mechanics. Structured programming methods will be covered as well as algorithms for numerical integration, solving differential equations, and more.

    Satisfies a requirement int he Data Science interdisciplinary minor.
    Satisfies the Mathematical and Quantitative Thought requirement.

     

     

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Co-requisite: Physics 120 or 130 at Davidson or permission of the instructor. (Spring)

  
  • PHY 201 - Mathematical Methods for Scientists


    Instructor
    Boye

    Designed to develop a basic competence in many areas of mathematics needed for junior/senior level work in the sciences. Basic methods of power series, complex numbers, Fourier analysis, linear algebra, ordinary and partial differential equations, multivariable and vector calculus covered clearly and carefully but without detailed proofs. Symbolic computation and scientific visualization tools used as appropriate.  May not be taken for major credit in the senior year.

    Satisfies the Mathematical and Quantitative Thought requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Mathematics 113 or 140. (Spring)

  
  • PHY 214 - Energy, the Environment, and Engineering Design


    Instructor
    Gfroerer

    An introduction to engineering design through a focus on energy and the environment.  Students work in teams to create computer-controlled models of energy-efficient buildings.  Class meets for 2 hours 3 times/week in a combined discussion/laboratory setting.

    Counts as an environmental natural sciences content course for the environmental studies interdisciplinary major and minor.
    Satisfies a requirement in the Experiemental Physics minor.
    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Does not count for credit in the Physics major.

  
  • PHY 220 - General Physics


    Instructors
    Belloni, A. Kuchera, Yukich
    Electricity and magnetism, circuits, optics, and modern physics (special relativity, quantum mechanics, atomic and nuclear physics).  One laboratory each week.

    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Physics 120 or permission of the instructor. (Spring)

  
  • PHY 230 - General Physics with Calculus


    Instructors 
    Boye, M. Kuchera

    Electricity and magnetism, circuits, optics, and modern physics (special relativity, quantum mechanics, atomic and nuclear physics).  More comprehensive than Physics 220 and designed for students who intend to major in Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, and/or plan to pursue a degree in engineering.  One laboratory each week.

    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    PHY 130 or permission of the instructor. (Fall/Spring)

  
  • PHY 310 - Electronics and Instrumentation


    Instructor
    Yukich, A. Kuchera

    Theoretical and laboratory investigations of analog and digital circuits including diodes, transistors, operational amplifiers, and logic gates.  Incorporation of these components in power supplies, oscillators, amplifiers, microcomputer systems, computers and other instruments.  Introduction to assembly language and LabVIEW programming provided.  Two laboratory periods each week.

    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Physics 220 or 230. (Fall)

  
  • PHY 320 - Introduction to Modern Physics


    Instructor
    Gfroerer

    A survey of 20th- and 21st-century physics.  Topics include relativity, quantum mechanics, atomic and nuclear physics, elementary particles and cosmology.  One laboratory period each week.

    Satisfies the Natural Science requirement.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Physics 220 or 230. (Fall)

  
  • PHY 330 - Classical Mechanics


    Instructor
    Belloni, Kharel, M. Kuchera, A. Kuchera

    Newtonian principles are used with differential, integral, and vector calculus to analyze classical dynamics.  Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics are also developed and applied.  Topics may include:  linear and non-linear oscillations, gravitational systems, the calculus of variations, many-particle systems, non-inertial reference frames, rigid-body dynamics, normal modes, and wave theory.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Corequisite:  Mathematics 113 or 140.  Prerequisite:  Physics 220 or 230 or permission of the instructor. (Fall)

  
  • PHY 335 - Advanced Laboratory


    Instructor
    Gfroerer, Yukich, A. Kuchera

    Senior-level capstone physics course.  Students conduct advanced experiments in classical mechanics, optics, quantum mechanics, and statistical and thermal physics.  Theoretical analysis, computational modeling, and scientific presentation skills are employed.  Lecture and laboratory.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Physics 320 and Physics 310. Physics 330 is recommended. (Spring)

     

  
  • PHY 350 - Electricity and Magnetism


    Instructor
    Belloni, Cain

    Electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetic waves, with emphasis on the application of Maxwell’s equations.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Corequisite:  Mathematics 160 or Physics 201.  Prerequisite:  Physics 330 or permission of the instructor. (Spring)

  
  • PHY 360 - Quantum Mechanics I


    Instructor
    Belloni

    Quantum mechanics with applications to exactly-solvable systems.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Mathematics 150 or Physics 201, Physics 330, and 350, or permission of the instructor. (Fall)

  
  • PHY 391 - Special Topics in Physics


    Instructor
    Staff

    Open to qualified students with permission of instructor. Topics announced in advance of registration.

  
  • PHY 392 - Special Topics in Physics


    Instructor
    Staff

    Open to qualified students with permission of instructor. Topics announced in advance of registration.

  
  • PHY 395 - Independent Study


    Instructor
    Staff

    Open to students with substantial backgrounds in physics with written permission from a supervising professor who reviews and approves the study topic. The independent study typically culminates in a paper and/or an oral presentation.

  
  • PHY 397 - Independent Study in Advanced Software Development in Science (= CSC 397)


    Instructor
    M. Kuchera

    (Cross-listed as Computer Science 397) Independent study using computers to model dynamical systems in the natural sciences under the direction and supervision of the instructor who approves the specific topic of study. Emphasis is on the use of object-oriented programming and web-based protocols to investigate both dynamical systems and the representation of those systems as data structures and algorithms.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    CSC/PHY 200 or CSC 121 and one of PHY 310, CSC 231 or CSC 325, or permission of the instructor. (Fall/Spring)

  
  • PHY 400 - Statistical and Thermal Physics


    Instructor
    Yukich

    An introduction to thermal physics using a statistical approach to describe systems composed of very many particles. The conclusions of classical thermodynamics are derived from statistical results.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Physics 330 or permission of the instructor. (Fall)

  
  • PHY 410 - Intermediate Astrophysics


    Instructor
    Thompson

    Astrophysical techniques are considered using the techniques of classical mechanics, electromagnetic theory, statistical mechanics, and quantum mechanics.  Topics include: stellar and planetary motions, electromagnetic radiation, radiative transfer, stellar structure and formation, galaxies, gravitational waves, and cosmology.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Two or more of Physics 330, 350, 360, and 400, or permission of the instructor. (Spring)

  
  • PHY 415 - Optics and Lasers


    Instructor
    Yukich

    Applications of electromagnetic theory to modern optics and lasers. Topics include electromagnetic wave propagation and superposition, optical elements and devices, Fourier transforms, diffraction, polarization, interference, and coherence theory. Specific applications are made to lasers, spectrometers, interferometers, and optical systems.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Physics 350 or permission of the instructor. (Spring)

  
  • PHY 420 - Solid State Physics


    Instructor
    Cain

    An examination of the properties of solids and their device applications. Topics will include: crystal structure and diffraction; phonons and lattice vibrations; free electron theory and band structure; semiconductors; magnetic properties; electrical properties; and superconductivity.

    Satisfies a major requirement in Physics.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Physics 330 or permission of the instructor. Physics 350, 360, and 400 are recommended.

  
  • PHY 430 - Advanced Mechanics


    Instructors
    Belloni, Boye

    Continuation of Physics 330 including computer modeling.  Topics include motion in non-inertial reference frames, rigid-body motion, Hamiltonian formalism, coupled oscillations and other selected topics such as special and general relativity.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    Physics 330. (Not offered 2016-2017.)

  
  • PHY 495 - Independent Research


    Instructor
    Staff


    Open to students with substantial backgrounds in physics with written permission of the supervising professor who reviews and approves the research topic. Satisfactory completion of a research project includes a presentation at a departmental seminar.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Physics 495, Fall; Physics 496, Spring.)

  
  • PHY 496 - Independent Research


    Instructor
    Staff

    Open to students with substantial backgrounds in physics with written permission of the supervising professor who reviews and approves the research topic. Satisfactory completion of a research project includes a presentation at a departmental seminar.

    Prerequisites & Notes
    (Physics 495, Fall; Physics 496, Spring.)

 

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